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📃 Academic Bibliography

·829 words

Software birthmarking has been researched extensively. Below is a collection of academic papers detailing the concepts, algorithms, and implementations used by this toolkit.

📜 Publications by Haruaki Tamada (Creator)
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  1. Cross-Platform Software Birthmarking for Real-World Binaries via Intermediate Representation, Haruaki Tamada, In Proc. 34th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD2026), August 2026 (Okayama, Japan, submitted).　[ arXiv ]

    • Contribution: Proposed a cross-platform birthmarking approach using a Ghidra P-code intermediate representation, demonstrating exceptional architecture consistency (\(r=0.9846\)) and identifying the Simpson index’s resilience against library dilution.

  2. Comparison of Similarity Functions for n-gram Software Birthmarks, Nikolay Fedorov, Hiroki Inayoshi, Haruaki Tamada, and Akito Monden, In Proc. 6th World Symposium on Software Engineering (WSSE 2024), pp. 169–176, September 2024 (Kyoto, Japan).　[ Link ]

    • Contribution: Conducted exhaustive comparison of various similarity algorithms on \(n\)-gram opcode software birthmarks.

  3. Improvement of the Dynamic Software Birthmark Process by Reducing the Time of the Extraction, Takanori Yokoi, and Haruaki Tamada, International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing, Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. 224–231, September 2018. [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Proposed using unit tests as the execution driver to reduce dynamic birthmark extraction time while maintaining high credibility and resilience.

  4. mituba: Scaling up Software Theft Detection with the Search Engine, Jun Nakamura and Haruaki Tamada, In Proc. International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management (ICSIM 2018), pp. 6–10, January 2018 (Casablanca, Morocco). [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Improved and scaled up the search-engine-based comparison method proposed in ACIT 2016.

  5. Fast Comparison of Software Birthmarks for Detecting the Theft with the Search Engine, Jun Nakamura and Haruaki Tamada, In Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Applied Computing & Information Technology (ACIT 2016), pp. 152–157, December 2016 (UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, USA). [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Demonstrated using a search engine index to rapidly retrieve and match similar birthmarks.

  6. A Fuzzy Hashing Technique for Large Scale Software Birthmarks, Takehiro Tsuzaki, Teruaki Yamamoto, Haruaki Tamada, and Akito Monden, In Proc. 15th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS 2016), pp. 867–872, July 2016 (Okayama, Japan). [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Introduced fuzzy hashing to significantly accelerate software birthmark comparisons.

  7. A Dynamic Birthmark from Analyzing Operand Stack Runtime Behavior to Detect Copied Software, Kazumasa Fukuda, and Haruaki Tamada, In Proc. 13th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD 2013), pp. 505–510, July 2013 (Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.). [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Proposed a dynamic software birthmarking method for Java based on the runtime behavior and state transitions of the JVM operand stack.

  8. Using Software Birthmarks to Identify Similar Classes and Major Functionalities, Takesi Kakimoto, Akito Monden, Yasutaka Kamei, Haruaki Tamada, Masateru Tsunoda, and Ken-ichi Matsumoto, In Proc. the 3rd International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories (MSR 2006), pp. 171–172, May 2006 (Shanghai, China). [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Explored a novel application of software birthmarks to automatically group similar classes and identify major functional modules in large codebases.

  9. Java Birthmarks –Detecting the Software Theft–, Haruaki Tamada, Masahide Nakamura, Akito Monden, and Ken’ichi Matsumoto, IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, Vol. E88-D, No. 9, pp. 2148–2158, September 2005. [ Link ]

    • Contribution: Formally established the static software birthmarking framework.

  10. Dynamic Software Birthmarks to Detect the Theft of Windows Applications, Haruaki Tamada, Keiji Okamoto, Masahide Nakamura, Akito Monden, and Kenichi Matsumoto, In Proc. International Symposium on Future Software Technology 2004 (ISFST 2004), October 2004 (Xi’an, China). [ Link ]

  • Contribution: Introduced dynamic software birthmarks, and proposed birthmark types EXESEQ (Execution Sequence) and EXEFREQ (Execution Frequency).
  1. Design and Evaluation of Birthmarks for Detecting Theft of Java Programs, Haruaki Tamada, Masahide Nakamura, Akito Monden, and Kenichi Matsumoto, In Proc. IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering (IASTED SE 2004), pp. 569–575, February 2004 (Innsbruck, Austria). [ Link ]
  • Contribution: Proposed the foundational concept of software birthmarks, introducing the static birthmark types CVFV (Constant Value Frequency Vector), UC (Used Classes), SMC (Sequence of Method Calls), and IS (Inheritance Structure).

📄 Other Fundamental Papers on Software Birthmarks
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\(k\)-gram-based birthmarks
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  • \(k\)-gram-based software birthmarks, Ginger Myles and Christian Collberg, In Proc. of the 2005 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 314–318, March 2005. [ Link ]
    • Summary: Introduced the extraction of instruction sequences chunked into sliding windows (\(k\)-grams) for highly robust program similarities.

Whole Program Path (Dynamic Birthmarks)
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  • Detecting Software Theft via Whole Program Path Birthmarks, Ginger Myles and Christian Collberg, In Proc. of the International Conference on Information Security 2004, pp. 404–415, 2004.
    • Summary: Proposed dynamic birthmarking based on whole program execution paths.

📚 Systematic Surveys and Books
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  • Surreptitious Software: Obfuscation, Watermarking, and Tamperproofing for Software Protection, Christian Collberg and Jasvir Nagra, Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN: 978-0-321-54925-9, August 2009.

    • Summary: The leading comprehensive book covering software security, obfuscation, watermarking, and birthmarking techniques.

  • Software Birthmark Design and Estimation: A Systematic Literature Review, Shah Nazir, Sara Shahzad and Neelam Mukhtar, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 44, pp. 3905–3927, January 2019.

    • Summary: A comprehensive review mapping out the state-of-the-art developments and methodologies in software birthmarking.